[ruby-core:116909] [Ruby master Feature#20293] Add `Warning.categories` method that returns the warning category names

["nobu (Nobuyoshi Nakada) via ruby-core" <ruby-core@ml.ruby-lang.org>]

Issue #20293 has been reported by nobu (Nobuyoshi Nakada).

----------------------------------------
Feature #20293: Add `Warning.categories` method that returns the warning category names
https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20293

* Author: nobu (Nobuyoshi Nakada)
* Status: Open
----------------------------------------
I propose a new method `Warning.categories`.
This would be useful (or necessary) for tests mainly.

Currently, `EnvUtil.capture_global_values` saves the original warning settings as followings:

```ruby
      @original_warning = defined?(Warning.[]) ? %i[deprecated experimental].to_h {|i| [i, Warning[i]]} : nil
```

But this is wrong now; `performance` is missing.
So we need:
```ruby
      @original_warning = if defined?(Warning.[]) # 2.7+
        %i[deprecated experimental performance].to_h do |i|
          [i, begin Warning[i]; rescue ArgumentError; end]
        end.compact
      end
```

That means this list is version dependent and we will need to maintain this list in future.
We need another surefire way.




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