[ruby-core:76136] [Ruby trunk Feature#11262] Make more objects behave like "Functions"

[Ruby-Lang@JoergWMittag.De]

Issue #11262 has been updated by Jörg W Mittag.

Description updated

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Feature #11262: Make more objects behave like "Functions"
https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/11262#change-59341

* Author: Jörg W Mittag
* Status: Open
* Priority: Normal
* Assignee: 
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# What is a Function?

In Ruby, we have the [`Proc`](http://ruby-doc.org/core/Proc.html) class to represent objects which are "function-like". But, in true object-oriented / duck-typing fashion, an object doesn't actually have to be an instance of `Proc` in order to be treated as a function, it only needs to respond to [`call`](http://ruby-doc.org/core/Proc.html#method-i-call). For cases, where a `Proc` instance is absolutely required (mostly, the `&` unary prefix ampersand "make-me-a-block" operator), there is the [`to_proc`](http://ruby-doc.org/core/Proc.html#method-i-to_proc) conversion.

So, in short: if an object wants to be a function, it **MUST** respond to `call`, and **SHOULD** also respond to `to_proc`.

There are some objects in Ruby that *could* be seen as functions, but currently don't respond to `call` or `to_proc`:

# [`Array`](http://ruby-doc.org/core/Array.html) as mapping

An array is a mapping from indices to elements. "Mapping" is just a different word for (partial) function, though! I propose, that `Array` should implement `call` and `to_proc` in the following manner:

~~~ruby
class Array
  alias_method :call, :[]

  def to_proc
    method(:call).to_proc
  end
end
~~~

# [`Hash`](http://ruby-doc.org/core/Hash.html) as mapping

A hash is a mapping from keys to values. I propose, that `Hash` should implement `call` and `to_proc` in the following manner:

~~~ruby
class Hash
  alias_method :call, :[]

  def to_proc
    method(:call).to_proc
  end
end
~~~

[Note: #11653 implements the [`to_proc`](http://ruby-doc.org/core/Hash.html#method-i-to_proc) part of this proposal.]

# `Set` as predicate

A set is a mapping from values to booleans, i.e. a set is the same as its `include?` predicate. This would mean, for example, that I can pass a `Set` as a predicate to methods like [`Enumerable#select`](http://ruby-doc.org/core/Enumerable.html#method-i-select). I propose, that `Set` should implement `call` and `to_proc` in the following manner:

~~~ruby
require 'set'

class Set
  alias_method :call, :include?

  def to_proc
    method(:call).to_proc
  end
end
~~~

I believe that these three additions are worthwhile and fairly uncontroversial. They match with the way arrays, maps and especially sets are treated in mathematics and in other programming languages. E.g. in both [Clojure](http://clojure.org/reference/data_structures#Maps) and [Scala](http://scala-lang.org/api/current/#scala.collection.Seq), arrays, sets and maps are functions and use function application syntax for accessing values. Scala doesn't even have indexing syntax.

Here are some potential use cases:

~~~ruby
numbers_to_words = %w[zero one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve]

[4, 7, 1, 0, 8].map(&numbers_to_words)
# => ['four', 'seven', 'one', 'zero', 'eight']


allowed_languages = Set[:ruby, :python, :scala, :scheme]

%i[ruby c cplusplus scala java perl].select(&allowed_languages)
# => [:ruby, :scala]
~~~

Here is a more "wild" proposal that is much more controversial. I don't actually propose adding this to Ruby, but I will mention it here as food for thought:

# [`Class`](http://ruby-doc.org/core/Class.html) as factory

If you squint your eyes, tilt your head sideways and look at it juuuuuuust right, a class is a factory for objects. In other words, it is a function from constructor arguments to instances:

~~~ruby
class Class
  alias_method :call, :new

  def to_proc
    method(:call).to_proc
  end
end
~~~

Example:

~~~ruby
class Person
  def initialize(name)
    @name = name
  end
end

%w[matz ko1 charlie].map(&Person)
# => [#<Person:0xdeadbeef481523 @name="matz">, #<Person:0xdeadbeef815234 @name="ko1">, #<Person:0xdeadbeef152342 @name="charlie">]
~~~

# Incompatibilities

This proposal conflicts with #10829, which proposes to use `Array#to_proc` for a completely different purpose.

I believe that having `Array`s behave as functions from indices to elements is natural, unsurprising, and well in line with both mathematics and other languages.

---

# Related

1. #11653 implements a small subset of my proposal.

2. The code duplication encountered here suggests refactoring to extract two new mixins in the Ruby core library:

    ~~~ruby
    module Callable
      def to_proc
        method(:call).to_proc
      end
    end

    module Indexable
      alias_method :call, :[]
    end
    ~~~

    However, this is out of scope of this discussion and *not* part of this particular feature proposal.

---

[NOTE: I originally posted this in project:common-ruby, which according to [[common-ruby:|its wiki]] is "The official place to submit feature proposal for Ruby" but from my observation, almost all Ruby feature requests actually get filed at project:ruby-trunk.]



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