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From: Taylor Blau <me@ttaylorr.com>
To: git@vger.kernel.org
Cc: tytso@mit.edu, derrickstolee@github.com, gitster@pobox.com,
	larsxschneider@gmail.com
Subject: [PATCH v2 01/17] Documentation/technical: add cruft-packs.txt
Date: Tue, 1 Mar 2022 19:58:00 -0500	[thread overview]
Message-ID: <784ee7e0eec9ba520ebaaa27de2de810e2f6798a.1646182671.git.me@ttaylorr.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <cover.1646182671.git.me@ttaylorr.com>

Create a technical document to explain cruft packs. It contains a brief
overview of the problem, some background, details on the implementation,
and a couple of alternative approaches not considered here.

Signed-off-by: Taylor Blau <me@ttaylorr.com>
---
 Documentation/Makefile                  |  1 +
 Documentation/technical/cruft-packs.txt | 97 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 98 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Documentation/technical/cruft-packs.txt

diff --git a/Documentation/Makefile b/Documentation/Makefile
index ed656db2ae..0b01c9408e 100644
--- a/Documentation/Makefile
+++ b/Documentation/Makefile
@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ TECH_DOCS += MyFirstContribution
 TECH_DOCS += MyFirstObjectWalk
 TECH_DOCS += SubmittingPatches
 TECH_DOCS += technical/bundle-format
+TECH_DOCS += technical/cruft-packs
 TECH_DOCS += technical/hash-function-transition
 TECH_DOCS += technical/http-protocol
 TECH_DOCS += technical/index-format
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/cruft-packs.txt b/Documentation/technical/cruft-packs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2c3c5d93f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/technical/cruft-packs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+= Cruft packs
+
+The cruft packs feature offer an alternative to Git's traditional mechanism of
+removing unreachable objects. This document provides an overview of Git's
+pruning mechanism, and how a cruft pack can be used instead to accomplish the
+same.
+
+== Background
+
+To remove unreachable objects from your repository, Git offers `git repack -Ad`
+(see linkgit:git-repack[1]). Quoting from the documentation:
+
+[quote]
+[...] unreachable objects in a previous pack become loose, unpacked objects,
+instead of being left in the old pack. [...] loose unreachable objects will be
+pruned according to normal expiry rules with the next 'git gc' invocation.
+
+Unreachable objects aren't removed immediately, since doing so could race with
+an incoming push which may reference an object which is about to be deleted.
+Instead, those unreachable objects are stored as loose object and stay that way
+until they are older than the expiration window, at which point they are removed
+by linkgit:git-prune[1].
+
+Git must store these unreachable objects loose in order to keep track of their
+per-object mtimes. If these unreachable objects were written into one big pack,
+then either freshening that pack (because an object contained within it was
+re-written) or creating a new pack of unreachable objects would cause the pack's
+mtime to get updated, and the objects within it would never leave the expiration
+window. Instead, objects are stored loose in order to keep track of the
+individual object mtimes and avoid a situation where all cruft objects are
+freshened at once.
+
+This can lead to undesirable situations when a repository contains many
+unreachable objects which have not yet left the grace period. Having large
+directories in the shards of `.git/objects` can lead to decreased performance in
+the repository. But given enough unreachable objects, this can lead to inode
+starvation and degrade the performance of the whole system. Since we
+can never pack those objects, these repositories often take up a large amount of
+disk space, since we can only zlib compress them, but not store them in delta
+chains.
+
+== Cruft packs
+
+A cruft pack eliminates the need for storing unreachable objects in a loose
+state by including the per-object mtimes in a separate file alongside a single
+pack containing all loose objects.
+
+A cruft pack is written by `git repack --cruft` when generating a new pack.
+linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]'s `--cruft` option. Note that `git repack --cruft`
+is a classic all-into-one repack, meaning that everything in the resulting pack is
+reachable, and everything else is unreachable. Once written, the `--cruft`
+option instructs `git repack` to generate another pack containing only objects
+not packed in the previous step (which equates to packing all unreachable
+objects together). This progresses as follows:
+
+  1. Enumerate every object, marking any object which is (a) not contained in a
+     kept-pack, and (b) whose mtime is within the grace period as a traversal
+     tip.
+
+  2. Perform a reachability traversal based on the tips gathered in the previous
+     step, adding every object along the way to the pack.
+
+  3. Write the pack out, along with a `.mtimes` file that records the per-object
+     timestamps.
+
+This mode is invoked internally by linkgit:git-repack[1] when instructed to
+write a cruft pack. Crucially, the set of in-core kept packs is exactly the set
+of packs which will not be deleted by the repack; in other words, they contain
+all of the repository's reachable objects.
+
+When a repository already has a cruft pack, `git repack --cruft` typically only
+adds objects to it. An exception to this is when `git repack` is given the
+`--cruft-expiration` option, which allows the generated cruft pack to omit
+expired objects instead of waiting for linkgit:git-gc[1] to expire those objects
+later on.
+
+It is linkgit:git-gc[1] that is typically responsible for removing expired
+unreachable objects.
+
+== Alternatives
+
+Notable alternatives to this design include:
+
+  - The location of the per-object mtime data, and
+  - Storing unreachable objects in multiple cruft packs.
+
+On the location of mtime data, a new auxiliary file tied to the pack was chosen
+to avoid complicating the `.idx` format. If the `.idx` format were ever to gain
+support for optional chunks of data, it may make sense to consolidate the
+`.mtimes` format into the `.idx` itself.
+
+Storing unreachable objects among multiple cruft packs (e.g., creating a new
+cruft pack during each repacking operation including only unreachable objects
+which aren't already stored in an earlier cruft pack) is significantly more
+complicated to construct, and so aren't pursued here. The obvious drawback to
+the current implementation is that the entire cruft pack must be re-written from
+scratch.
-- 
2.35.1.73.gccc5557600


  reply	other threads:[~2022-03-02  0:58 UTC|newest]

Thread overview: 201+ messages / expand[flat|nested]  mbox.gz  Atom feed  top
2021-11-29 22:25 [PATCH 00/17] cruft packs Taylor Blau
2021-11-29 22:25 ` [PATCH 01/17] Documentation/technical: add cruft-packs.txt Taylor Blau
2021-12-02 14:33   ` Derrick Stolee
2021-12-03 21:53     ` Taylor Blau
2021-12-04 22:20   ` Elijah Newren
2021-12-04 23:32     ` Taylor Blau
2021-11-29 22:25 ` [PATCH 02/17] pack-mtimes: support reading .mtimes files Taylor Blau
2021-12-02 15:06   ` Derrick Stolee
2021-12-02 22:32     ` brian m. carlson
2021-12-03 22:24     ` Taylor Blau
2022-01-07 19:41       ` Taylor Blau
2021-11-29 22:25 ` [PATCH 03/17] pack-write: pass 'struct packing_data' to 'stage_tmp_packfiles' Taylor Blau
2021-11-29 22:25 ` [PATCH 04/17] chunk-format.h: extract oid_version() Taylor Blau
2021-12-02 15:22   ` Derrick Stolee
2021-12-03 22:40     ` Taylor Blau
2021-12-06 17:33       ` Derrick Stolee
2021-11-29 22:25 ` [PATCH 05/17] pack-mtimes: support writing pack .mtimes files Taylor Blau
2021-12-02 15:36   ` Derrick Stolee
2021-12-03 23:04     ` Taylor Blau
2021-11-29 22:25 ` [PATCH 06/17] t/helper: add 'pack-mtimes' test-tool Taylor Blau
2021-12-06 21:16   ` Derrick Stolee
2022-02-23 22:24     ` Taylor Blau
2021-11-29 22:25 ` [PATCH 07/17] builtin/pack-objects.c: return from create_object_entry() Taylor Blau
2021-11-29 22:25 ` [PATCH 08/17] builtin/pack-objects.c: --cruft without expiration Taylor Blau
2021-12-06 21:44   ` Derrick Stolee
2022-03-01  2:48     ` Taylor Blau
2021-12-07 15:17   ` Derrick Stolee
2022-02-23 23:34     ` Taylor Blau
2021-11-29 22:25 ` [PATCH 09/17] reachable: add options to add_unseen_recent_objects_to_traversal Taylor Blau
2021-11-29 22:25 ` [PATCH 10/17] reachable: report precise timestamps from objects in cruft packs Taylor Blau
2021-11-29 22:25 ` [PATCH 11/17] builtin/pack-objects.c: --cruft with expiration Taylor Blau
2021-12-07 15:30   ` Derrick Stolee
2022-02-23 23:35     ` Taylor Blau
2021-11-29 22:25 ` [PATCH 12/17] builtin/repack.c: support generating a cruft pack Taylor Blau
2021-12-05 20:46   ` Junio C Hamano
2022-03-01  2:00     ` Taylor Blau
2021-12-07 15:38   ` Derrick Stolee
2022-02-23 23:37     ` Taylor Blau
2021-11-29 22:25 ` [PATCH 13/17] builtin/repack.c: allow configuring cruft pack generation Taylor Blau
2021-11-29 22:25 ` [PATCH 14/17] builtin/repack.c: use named flags for existing_packs Taylor Blau
2021-11-29 22:25 ` [PATCH 15/17] builtin/repack.c: add cruft packs to MIDX during geometric repack Taylor Blau
2021-11-29 22:25 ` [PATCH 16/17] builtin/gc.c: conditionally avoid pruning objects via loose Taylor Blau
2021-11-29 22:25 ` [PATCH 17/17] sha1-file.c: don't freshen cruft packs Taylor Blau
2021-12-03 19:51 ` [PATCH 00/17] " Junio C Hamano
2021-12-03 20:08   ` Taylor Blau
2021-12-03 20:47     ` Taylor Blau
2022-03-02  0:57 ` [PATCH v2 " Taylor Blau
2022-03-02  0:58   ` Taylor Blau [this message]
2022-03-02  0:58   ` [PATCH v2 02/17] pack-mtimes: support reading .mtimes files Taylor Blau
2022-03-02 20:22     ` Derrick Stolee
2022-03-02 21:33       ` Taylor Blau
2022-03-02  0:58   ` [PATCH v2 03/17] pack-write: pass 'struct packing_data' to 'stage_tmp_packfiles' Taylor Blau
2022-03-02  0:58   ` [PATCH v2 04/17] chunk-format.h: extract oid_version() Taylor Blau
2022-03-02  0:58   ` [PATCH v2 05/17] pack-mtimes: support writing pack .mtimes files Taylor Blau
2022-03-02  0:58   ` [PATCH v2 06/17] t/helper: add 'pack-mtimes' test-tool Taylor Blau
2022-03-02  0:58   ` [PATCH v2 07/17] builtin/pack-objects.c: return from create_object_entry() Taylor Blau
2022-03-02  0:58   ` [PATCH v2 08/17] builtin/pack-objects.c: --cruft without expiration Taylor Blau
2022-03-02  0:58   ` [PATCH v2 09/17] reachable: add options to add_unseen_recent_objects_to_traversal Taylor Blau
2022-03-02 20:19     ` Derrick Stolee
2022-03-02 21:28       ` Taylor Blau
2022-03-02  0:58   ` [PATCH v2 10/17] reachable: report precise timestamps from objects in cruft packs Taylor Blau
2022-03-02  0:58   ` [PATCH v2 11/17] builtin/pack-objects.c: --cruft with expiration Taylor Blau
2022-03-02  7:42     ` Junio C Hamano
2022-03-02 15:54       ` Taylor Blau
2022-03-02 19:57         ` Derrick Stolee
2022-03-02  0:58   ` [PATCH v2 12/17] builtin/repack.c: support generating a cruft pack Taylor Blau
2022-03-02  0:58   ` [PATCH v2 13/17] builtin/repack.c: allow configuring cruft pack generation Taylor Blau
2022-03-02  0:58   ` [PATCH v2 14/17] builtin/repack.c: use named flags for existing_packs Taylor Blau
2022-03-02  0:58   ` [PATCH v2 15/17] builtin/repack.c: add cruft packs to MIDX during geometric repack Taylor Blau
2022-03-02  0:58   ` [PATCH v2 16/17] builtin/gc.c: conditionally avoid pruning objects via loose Taylor Blau
2022-03-02  0:58   ` [PATCH v2 17/17] sha1-file.c: don't freshen cruft packs Taylor Blau
2022-03-02 20:23   ` [PATCH v2 00/17] " Derrick Stolee
2022-03-02 21:36     ` Taylor Blau
2022-03-03  0:20 ` [PATCH v3 " Taylor Blau
2022-03-03  0:20   ` [PATCH v3 01/17] Documentation/technical: add cruft-packs.txt Taylor Blau
2022-03-07 18:03     ` Jonathan Nieder
2022-03-22  1:16       ` Taylor Blau
2022-03-22 21:45         ` Jonathan Nieder
2022-03-22 22:02           ` Taylor Blau
2022-03-22 23:04             ` Jonathan Nieder
2022-03-23  1:01               ` Taylor Blau
2022-03-28 18:46                 ` Taylor Blau
2022-03-28 20:55                   ` Junio C Hamano
2022-03-28 21:21                     ` Taylor Blau
2022-03-29 15:59                       ` Junio C Hamano
2022-03-30  2:23                         ` Taylor Blau
2022-03-30 13:37                           ` Junio C Hamano
2022-03-30 17:30                             ` Taylor Blau
2022-03-03  0:20   ` [PATCH v3 02/17] pack-mtimes: support reading .mtimes files Taylor Blau
2022-03-03  0:20   ` [PATCH v3 03/17] pack-write: pass 'struct packing_data' to 'stage_tmp_packfiles' Taylor Blau
2022-03-03  0:20   ` [PATCH v3 04/17] chunk-format.h: extract oid_version() Taylor Blau
2022-03-03 16:30     ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-03-03 23:32       ` Taylor Blau
2022-03-04  0:16         ` Junio C Hamano
2022-03-03  0:20   ` [PATCH v3 05/17] pack-mtimes: support writing pack .mtimes files Taylor Blau
2022-03-03 16:45     ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-03-03 23:35       ` Taylor Blau
2022-03-04 10:40         ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-03-03  0:20   ` [PATCH v3 06/17] t/helper: add 'pack-mtimes' test-tool Taylor Blau
2022-03-03  0:21   ` [PATCH v3 07/17] builtin/pack-objects.c: return from create_object_entry() Taylor Blau
2022-03-03  0:21   ` [PATCH v3 08/17] builtin/pack-objects.c: --cruft without expiration Taylor Blau
2022-03-03  0:21   ` [PATCH v3 09/17] reachable: add options to add_unseen_recent_objects_to_traversal Taylor Blau
2022-03-03  0:21   ` [PATCH v3 10/17] reachable: report precise timestamps from objects in cruft packs Taylor Blau
2022-03-03  0:21   ` [PATCH v3 11/17] builtin/pack-objects.c: --cruft with expiration Taylor Blau
2022-03-03  0:21   ` [PATCH v3 12/17] builtin/repack.c: support generating a cruft pack Taylor Blau
2022-03-03  0:21   ` [PATCH v3 13/17] builtin/repack.c: allow configuring cruft pack generation Taylor Blau
2022-03-03  0:21   ` [PATCH v3 14/17] builtin/repack.c: use named flags for existing_packs Taylor Blau
2022-03-03  0:21   ` [PATCH v3 15/17] builtin/repack.c: add cruft packs to MIDX during geometric repack Taylor Blau
2022-03-03  0:21   ` [PATCH v3 16/17] builtin/gc.c: conditionally avoid pruning objects via loose Taylor Blau
2022-03-03  0:21   ` [PATCH v3 17/17] sha1-file.c: don't freshen cruft packs Taylor Blau
2022-03-03  1:29   ` [PATCH v3 00/17] " Derrick Stolee
2022-05-18 23:10 ` [PATCH v4 " Taylor Blau
2022-05-18 23:10   ` [PATCH v4 01/17] Documentation/technical: add cruft-packs.txt Taylor Blau
2022-05-19 14:04     ` Junio C Hamano
2022-05-18 23:10   ` [PATCH v4 02/17] pack-mtimes: support reading .mtimes files Taylor Blau
2022-05-19 10:40     ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-05-19 15:21       ` Junio C Hamano
2022-05-20  7:32         ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-05-20 22:37           ` Taylor Blau
2022-05-18 23:10   ` [PATCH v4 03/17] pack-write: pass 'struct packing_data' to 'stage_tmp_packfiles' Taylor Blau
2022-05-18 23:11   ` [PATCH v4 04/17] chunk-format.h: extract oid_version() Taylor Blau
2022-05-19 11:44     ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-05-18 23:11   ` [PATCH v4 05/17] pack-mtimes: support writing pack .mtimes files Taylor Blau
2022-05-18 23:11   ` [PATCH v4 06/17] t/helper: add 'pack-mtimes' test-tool Taylor Blau
2022-05-18 23:11   ` [PATCH v4 07/17] builtin/pack-objects.c: return from create_object_entry() Taylor Blau
2022-05-18 23:11   ` [PATCH v4 08/17] builtin/pack-objects.c: --cruft without expiration Taylor Blau
2022-05-19 10:04     ` Junio C Hamano
2022-05-19 15:16       ` Junio C Hamano
2022-05-20 22:52         ` Taylor Blau
2022-05-18 23:11   ` [PATCH v4 09/17] reachable: add options to add_unseen_recent_objects_to_traversal Taylor Blau
2022-05-18 23:11   ` [PATCH v4 10/17] reachable: report precise timestamps from objects in cruft packs Taylor Blau
2022-05-18 23:11   ` [PATCH v4 11/17] builtin/pack-objects.c: --cruft with expiration Taylor Blau
2022-05-18 23:11   ` [PATCH v4 12/17] builtin/repack.c: support generating a cruft pack Taylor Blau
2022-05-19 11:29     ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-05-20 22:39       ` Taylor Blau
2022-05-18 23:11   ` [PATCH v4 13/17] builtin/repack.c: allow configuring cruft pack generation Taylor Blau
2022-05-18 23:11   ` [PATCH v4 14/17] builtin/repack.c: use named flags for existing_packs Taylor Blau
2022-05-18 23:11   ` [PATCH v4 15/17] builtin/repack.c: add cruft packs to MIDX during geometric repack Taylor Blau
2022-05-19 11:32     ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-05-20 22:42       ` Taylor Blau
2022-05-18 23:11   ` [PATCH v4 16/17] builtin/gc.c: conditionally avoid pruning objects via loose Taylor Blau
2022-05-18 23:11   ` [PATCH v4 17/17] sha1-file.c: don't freshen cruft packs Taylor Blau
2022-05-18 23:48   ` [PATCH v4 00/17] " Derrick Stolee
2022-05-20 23:19     ` Junio C Hamano
2022-05-20 23:30       ` Taylor Blau
2022-05-19 11:42   ` [RFC PATCH 0/2] Utility functions for duplicated pack(write) code Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-05-19 11:42     ` [RFC PATCH 1/2] packfile API: add and use a pack_name_to_ext() utility function Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-05-19 15:40       ` Junio C Hamano
2022-05-19 11:42     ` [RFC PATCH 2/2] hash API: add and use a hash_short_id_by_algo() function Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-05-19 15:50       ` Junio C Hamano
2022-05-19 19:07         ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-05-19 15:31     ` [RFC PATCH 0/2] Utility functions for duplicated pack(write) code Junio C Hamano
2022-05-19 11:54   ` [PATCH v4 00/17] cruft packs Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-05-20 23:17 ` [PATCH v5 " Taylor Blau
2022-05-20 23:17   ` [PATCH v5 01/17] Documentation/technical: add cruft-packs.txt Taylor Blau
2022-05-20 23:17   ` [PATCH v5 02/17] pack-mtimes: support reading .mtimes files Taylor Blau
2022-05-24 19:32     ` Jonathan Nieder
2022-05-24 19:44       ` rsbecker
2022-05-24 22:25         ` Taylor Blau
2022-05-24 23:24           ` rsbecker
2022-05-25  0:07             ` Taylor Blau
2022-05-25  0:20               ` rsbecker
2022-05-25  9:11               ` adding new 32-bit on-disk (unsigned) timestamp formats (was: [PATCH v5 02/17] pack-mtimes: support reading .mtimes files) Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-05-25 13:30                 ` Derrick Stolee
2022-05-25 21:13                   ` Taylor Blau
2022-05-26  0:02                     ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-05-26  0:12                       ` Taylor Blau
2022-05-24 22:21       ` [PATCH v5 02/17] pack-mtimes: support reading .mtimes files Taylor Blau
2022-05-25  7:48         ` Jonathan Nieder
2022-05-25 21:36           ` Taylor Blau
2022-05-25 21:58             ` rsbecker
2022-05-25 22:59               ` Taylor Blau
2022-05-25 23:02     ` Taylor Blau
2022-05-26  0:30       ` Junio C Hamano
2023-06-01 13:01     ` Andreas Schwab
2022-05-20 23:17   ` [PATCH v5 03/17] pack-write: pass 'struct packing_data' to 'stage_tmp_packfiles' Taylor Blau
2022-05-20 23:17   ` [PATCH v5 04/17] chunk-format.h: extract oid_version() Taylor Blau
2022-05-20 23:17   ` [PATCH v5 05/17] pack-mtimes: support writing pack .mtimes files Taylor Blau
2022-05-20 23:17   ` [PATCH v5 06/17] t/helper: add 'pack-mtimes' test-tool Taylor Blau
2022-05-20 23:17   ` [PATCH v5 07/17] builtin/pack-objects.c: return from create_object_entry() Taylor Blau
2022-05-20 23:17   ` [PATCH v5 08/17] builtin/pack-objects.c: --cruft without expiration Taylor Blau
2022-05-20 23:17   ` [PATCH v5 09/17] reachable: add options to add_unseen_recent_objects_to_traversal Taylor Blau
2022-05-20 23:17   ` [PATCH v5 10/17] reachable: report precise timestamps from objects in cruft packs Taylor Blau
2022-05-20 23:18   ` [PATCH v5 11/17] builtin/pack-objects.c: --cruft with expiration Taylor Blau
2022-05-20 23:18   ` [PATCH v5 12/17] builtin/repack.c: support generating a cruft pack Taylor Blau
2022-05-20 23:18   ` [PATCH v5 13/17] builtin/repack.c: allow configuring cruft pack generation Taylor Blau
2022-05-20 23:18   ` [PATCH v5 14/17] builtin/repack.c: use named flags for existing_packs Taylor Blau
2022-05-20 23:18   ` [PATCH v5 15/17] builtin/repack.c: add cruft packs to MIDX during geometric repack Taylor Blau
2022-05-20 23:18   ` [PATCH v5 16/17] builtin/gc.c: conditionally avoid pruning objects via loose Taylor Blau
2022-06-19  5:38     ` René Scharfe
2022-06-21 15:58       ` Junio C Hamano
2022-05-20 23:18   ` [PATCH v5 17/17] sha1-file.c: don't freshen cruft packs Taylor Blau
2022-05-21 11:17   ` [PATCH v5 00/17] " Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-05-24 19:39     ` Jonathan Nieder
2022-05-24 21:50       ` Taylor Blau
2022-05-24 21:55         ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-05-24 22:12           ` Taylor Blau
2022-05-25  7:53             ` Jonathan Nieder
2022-05-25 19:59               ` Derrick Stolee
2022-05-25 21:09                 ` Taylor Blau
2022-05-26  0:06                   ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason

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