[PATCH v2] pack-format.txt: more details on pack file format

["Nguyễn Thái Ngọc Duy" <pclouds@gmail.com>]

The current document mentions OBJ_* constants without their actual
values. A git developer would know these are from cache.h but that's
not very friendly to a person who wants to read this file to implement
a pack file parser.

Similarly, the deltified representation is not documented at all (the
"document" is basically patch-delta.c). Translate that C code to
English with a bit more about what ofs-delta and ref-delta mean.

Signed-off-by: Nguyễn Thái Ngọc Duy <pclouds@gmail.com>
---
 This is a much better description than v1. I hope.

 Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt | 78 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 cache.h                                 |  5 ++
 2 files changed, 83 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt
index 8e5bf60be3..d20bf592aa 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt
@@ -36,6 +36,84 @@ Git pack format
 
   - The trailer records 20-byte SHA-1 checksum of all of the above.
 
+=== Object types
+
+Valid object types are:
+
+- OBJ_COMMIT (1)
+- OBJ_TREE (2)
+- OBJ_BLOB (3)
+- OBJ_TAG (4)
+- OBJ_OFS_DELTA (6)
+- OBJ_REF_DELTA (7)
+
+Type 5 is reserved for future expansion. Type 0 is invalid.
+
+=== Deltified representation
+
+Conceptually there are only four object types: commit, tree, tag and
+blob. However to save space, an object could be stored as a "delta" of
+another "base" object. These representations are assigned new types
+ofs-delta and ref-delta, which is only valid in a pack file.
+
+Both ofs-delta and ref-delta store the "delta" against another
+object. The difference between them is, ref-delta directly encodes
+20-byte base object name. If the base object is in the same pack,
+ofs-delta encodes the offset of the base object in the pack instead.
+
+The delta data is a sequence of instructions to reconstruct an object
+from the base object. Each instruction appends more and more data to
+the target object until it's complete. There are two supported
+instructions so far: one for copy a byte range from the source object
+and one for inserting new data embedded in the instruction itself.
+
+Each instruction has variable length. Instruction type is determined
+by the seventh bit of the first octet. The following diagrams follow
+the convention in RFC 1951 (Deflate compressed data format).
+
+  +----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+-------+-------+
+  | 1xxxxxxx | offset1 | offset2 | offset3 | offset4 | size1 | size2 | size3 |
+  +----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+-------+-------+
+
+This is the instruction format to copy a byte range from the source
+object. It encodes the offset to copy from any the number of bytes to
+copy. Offset and size are in little-endian order.
+
+All offset and size bytes are optional. This is to reduce the
+instruction size when encoding small offsets or sizes. The first seven
+bits in the first octet determines which of the next seven octets is
+present. If bit zero is set, offset1 is present. If bit one is set
+offset2 is present and so on.
+
+Note that a more compact instruction does not change offset and size
+encoding. For example, if only offset2 is omitted like below, offset3
+still contains bits 16-23. It does not become offset2 and contains
+bits 8-15 even if it's right next to offset1.
+
+  +----------+---------+---------+
+  | 10000101 | offset1 | offset3 |
+  +----------+---------+---------+
+
+In its most compact form, this instruction only takes up one byte
+(0x80) with both offset and size omitted, which will have default
+values zero. There is another exception: size zero is automatically
+converted to 0x10000.
+
+  +----------+============+
+  | 0xxxxxxx |    data    |
+  +----------+============+
+
+This is the instruction to construct target object without the base
+object. The following data is appended to the target object. The first
+seven bits of the first octet determines the size of data in
+bytes. The size must be non-zero.
+
+  +----------+============
+  | 00000000 |
+  +----------+============
+
+This is the instruction reserved for future expansion.
+
 == Original (version 1) pack-*.idx files have the following format:
 
   - The header consists of 256 4-byte network byte order
diff --git a/cache.h b/cache.h
index 77b7acebb6..ad549e258e 100644
--- a/cache.h
+++ b/cache.h
@@ -373,6 +373,11 @@ extern void free_name_hash(struct index_state *istate);
 #define read_blob_data_from_cache(path, sz) read_blob_data_from_index(&the_index, (path), (sz))
 #endif
 
+/*
+ * Values in this enum (except those outside the 3 bit range) are part
+ * of pack file format. See Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt
+ * for more information.
+ */
 enum object_type {
 	OBJ_BAD = -1,
 	OBJ_NONE = 0,
-- 
2.17.0.705.g3525833791