From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 Return-Path: X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.0 (2014-02-07) on dcvr.yhbt.net X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-ASN: AS31976 209.132.180.0/23 X-Spam-Status: No, score=-2.8 required=3.0 tests=AWL,BAYES_00,DKIM_SIGNED, DKIM_VALID,DKIM_VALID_AU,FREEMAIL_FORGED_FROMDOMAIN,FREEMAIL_FROM, HEADER_FROM_DIFFERENT_DOMAINS,RCVD_IN_DNSWL_HI,T_RP_MATCHES_RCVD shortcircuit=no autolearn=no autolearn_force=no version=3.4.0 Received: from vger.kernel.org (vger.kernel.org [209.132.180.67]) by dcvr.yhbt.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4FCC41F404 for ; Tue, 27 Feb 2018 02:33:22 +0000 (UTC) Received: (majordomo@vger.kernel.org) by vger.kernel.org via listexpand id S1751821AbeB0CdT (ORCPT ); Mon, 26 Feb 2018 21:33:19 -0500 Received: from mail-qt0-f195.google.com ([209.85.216.195]:42138 "EHLO mail-qt0-f195.google.com" rhost-flags-OK-OK-OK-OK) by vger.kernel.org with ESMTP id S1751630AbeB0CdR (ORCPT ); Mon, 26 Feb 2018 21:33:17 -0500 Received: by mail-qt0-f195.google.com with SMTP id t6so11926063qtn.9 for ; Mon, 26 Feb 2018 18:33:16 -0800 (PST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=gmail.com; s=20161025; h=from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id:in-reply-to:references; bh=gnn3Kurmshb9jz1GwzBRQy49/ZSvbRObJfz1lYO3RTk=; b=chi97lMgYYA0neDfnVWfj4Qn8fPfWrg0vckXyd0tdyrTTxlZFH7dzsGgaGcmaq9gNE ECg+lZzT86bLpWS69r3avFZlQE/MLTYXnl214Bfyf1H16O11VjJRFsQmqr240M53LGsm Qs27W2LrKSuawgQkpi7VzBcO2LdR8TGyRxqOMq6iKnDzAVWkHqzjyVvI4eYVfoQzHIsk A658aXquBROzrurCNeXhGA/I8sqND8/kjyBX3FiN3JQKO7KNEpLU2KRcQTrN4MkjY0Ss hHfMWVArUH7eYiJuPQOdvfjKFzfedwoFzhj/BUwvFGmXpj5uMz6hPEG32TMS4Hxn/FNM hpLw== X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=1e100.net; s=20161025; h=x-gm-message-state:from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id:in-reply-to :references; bh=gnn3Kurmshb9jz1GwzBRQy49/ZSvbRObJfz1lYO3RTk=; b=HG3UbkTwj2NlgENH+qJNFpzHxskBlge1pc1WfGBE47FgQ7rgX4F5HUbNMweWUZY6mo dXKTUxBOhGbauwM6gKHNyRBgm4QFROzPhkPvE+2cgc7GDJ+oUFSbaQnso0QvlyIdCtA5 dh12ZEMo9eUtFYLL93p1J6NSsrH1oj0tMz8PM3QK9cHFiG2xy8wH+liQhGqiFHs7T0cg BApibdiWVZYgM5I6RL4SArrdlDF/IMuweiVqy8d3PGNkRQ3PWsrukxGlD0sJGgVsYPFV mqkiA7u8+1fb/h9vJuh8XOcM21U3CSpUN5EX6W8S172KBvcqNVHKGK4Otxi0h1xaixR6 1HDA== X-Gm-Message-State: APf1xPACe0Ngh61RpLpv9y9cup8Td8acHVBO9E3xoMDPWNOLhsbkJmHS 5PdRFi9ezqUdBO1JTICTs02TP/Xq0PQ= X-Google-Smtp-Source: AG47ELvbaczQR7qoCLwCsxEUuvw0s53Z644Eo4fTpf+IK7ZrTU+lC8MsBZF43rcvA2mpIeA8ewA+EQ== X-Received: by 10.237.34.46 with SMTP id n43mr17118575qtc.105.1519698795784; Mon, 26 Feb 2018 18:33:15 -0800 (PST) Received: from stolee-linux.corp.microsoft.com ([2001:4898:8010:0:eb4a:5dff:fe0f:7308]) by smtp.gmail.com with ESMTPSA id 94sm5566530qtb.2.2018.02.26.18.33.14 (version=TLS1_2 cipher=ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA bits=128/128); Mon, 26 Feb 2018 18:33:15 -0800 (PST) From: Derrick Stolee X-Google-Original-From: Derrick Stolee To: git@vger.kernel.org Cc: gitster@pobox.com, peff@peff.net, git@jeffhostetler.com, jonathantanmy@google.com, sbeller@google.com, szeder.dev@gmail.com, ramsay@ramsayjones.plus.com, Derrick Stolee Subject: [PATCH v5 02/13] graph: add commit graph design document Date: Mon, 26 Feb 2018 21:32:56 -0500 Message-Id: <1519698787-190494-3-git-send-email-dstolee@microsoft.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.7.4 In-Reply-To: <1519698787-190494-1-git-send-email-dstolee@microsoft.com> References: <1519698787-190494-1-git-send-email-dstolee@microsoft.com> Sender: git-owner@vger.kernel.org Precedence: bulk List-ID: X-Mailing-List: git@vger.kernel.org Add Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt with details of the planned commit graph feature, including future plans. Signed-off-by: Derrick Stolee --- Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt | 164 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 164 insertions(+) create mode 100644 Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt diff --git a/Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt b/Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d11753a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ +Git Commit Graph Design Notes +============================= + +Git walks the commit graph for many reasons, including: + +1. Listing and filtering commit history. +2. Computing merge bases. + +These operations can become slow as the commit count grows. The merge +base calculation shows up in many user-facing commands, such as 'merge-base' +or 'status' and can take minutes to compute depending on history shape. + +There are two main costs here: + +1. Decompressing and parsing commits. +2. Walking the entire graph to satisfy topological order constraints. + +The commit graph file is a supplemental data structure that accelerates +commit graph walks. If a user downgrades or disables the 'core.commitGraph' +config setting, then the existing ODB is sufficient. The file is stored +as "commit-graph" either in the .git/objects/info directory or in the info +directory of an alternate. + +The commit graph file stores the commit graph structure along with some +extra metadata to speed up graph walks. By listing commit OIDs in lexi- +cographic order, we can identify an integer position for each commit and +refer to the parents of a commit using those integer positions. We use +binary search to find initial commits and then use the integer positions +for fast lookups during the walk. + +A consumer may load the following info for a commit from the graph: + +1. The commit OID. +2. The list of parents, along with their integer position. +3. The commit date. +4. The root tree OID. +5. The generation number (see definition below). + +Values 1-4 satisfy the requirements of parse_commit_gently(). + +Define the "generation number" of a commit recursively as follows: + + * A commit with no parents (a root commit) has generation number one. + + * A commit with at least one parent has generation number one more than + the largest generation number among its parents. + +Equivalently, the generation number of a commit A is one more than the +length of a longest path from A to a root commit. The recursive definition +is easier to use for computation and observing the following property: + + If A and B are commits with generation numbers N and M, respectively, + and N <= M, then A cannot reach B. That is, we know without searching + that B is not an ancestor of A because it is further from a root commit + than A. + + Conversely, when checking if A is an ancestor of B, then we only need + to walk commits until all commits on the walk boundary have generation + number at most N. If we walk commits using a priority queue seeded by + generation numbers, then we always expand the boundary commit with highest + generation number and can easily detect the stopping condition. + +This property can be used to significantly reduce the time it takes to +walk commits and determine topological relationships. Without generation +numbers, the general heuristic is the following: + + If A and B are commits with commit time X and Y, respectively, and + X < Y, then A _probably_ cannot reach B. + +This heuristic is currently used whenever the computation is allowed to +violate topological relationships due to clock skew (such as "git log" +with default order), but is not used when the topological order is +required (such as merge base calculations, "git log --graph"). + +In practice, we expect some commits to be created recently and not stored +in the commit graph. We can treat these commits as having "infinite" +generation number and walk until reaching commits with known generation +number. + +Design Details +-------------- + +- The commit graph file is stored in a file named 'commit-graph' in the + .git/objects/info directory. This could be stored in the info directory + of an alternate. + +- The core.commitGraph config setting must be on to consume graph files. + +- The file format includes parameters for the object ID hash function, + so a future change of hash algorithm does not require a change in format. + +Future Work +----------- + +- The commit graph feature currently does not honor commit grafts. This can + be remedied by duplicating or refactoring the current graft logic. + +- The 'commit-graph' subcommand does not have a "verify" mode that is + necessary for integration with fsck. + +- The file format includes room for precomputed generation numbers. These + are not currently computed, so all generation numbers will be marked as + 0 (or "uncomputed"). A later patch will include this calculation. + +- After computing and storing generation numbers, we must make graph + walks aware of generation numbers to gain the performance benefits they + enable. This will mostly be accomplished by swapping a commit-date-ordered + priority queue with one ordered by generation number. The following + operations are important candidates: + + - paint_down_to_common() + - 'log --topo-order' + +- Currently, parse_commit_gently() requires filling in the root tree + object for a commit. This passes through lookup_tree() and consequently + lookup_object(). Also, it calls lookup_commit() when loading the parents. + These method calls check the ODB for object existence, even if the + consumer does not need the content. For example, we do not need the + tree contents when computing merge bases. Now that commit parsing is + removed from the computation time, these lookup operations are the + slowest operations keeping graph walks from being fast. Consider + loading these objects without verifying their existence in the ODB and + only loading them fully when consumers need them. Consider a method + such as "ensure_tree_loaded(commit)" that fully loads a tree before + using commit->tree. + +- The current design uses the 'commit-graph' subcommand to generate the graph. + When this feature stabilizes enough to recommend to most users, we should + add automatic graph writes to common operations that create many commits. + For example, one could compute a graph on 'clone', 'fetch', or 'repack' + commands. + +- A server could provide a commit graph file as part of the network protocol + to avoid extra calculations by clients. This feature is only of benefit if + the user is willing to trust the file, because verifying the file is correct + is as hard as computing it from scratch. + +Related Links +------------- +[0] https://bugs.chromium.org/p/git/issues/detail?id=8 + Chromium work item for: Serialized Commit Graph + +[1] https://public-inbox.org/git/20110713070517.GC18566@sigill.intra.peff.net/ + An abandoned patch that introduced generation numbers. + +[2] https://public-inbox.org/git/20170908033403.q7e6dj7benasrjes@sigill.intra.peff.net/ + Discussion about generation numbers on commits and how they interact + with fsck. + +[3] https://public-inbox.org/git/20170908034739.4op3w4f2ma5s65ku@sigill.intra.peff.net/ + More discussion about generation numbers and not storing them inside + commit objects. A valuable quote: + + "I think we should be moving more in the direction of keeping + repo-local caches for optimizations. Reachability bitmaps have been + a big performance win. I think we should be doing the same with our + properties of commits. Not just generation numbers, but making it + cheap to access the graph structure without zlib-inflating whole + commit objects (i.e., packv4 or something like the "metapacks" I + proposed a few years ago)." + +[4] https://public-inbox.org/git/20180108154822.54829-1-git@jeffhostetler.com/T/#u + A patch to remove the ahead-behind calculation from 'status'. + -- 2.7.4